Insights into geogrid–soil interaction using a transparent granular soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geogrid pullout tests were carried out in a large pullout box filled with a transparent granular soil. Geogrid displacements and displacements of a dispersed layer of opaque particles located immediately above and below the plane of the geogrid were measured from image analysis of pictures taken through a window at the bottom of the box. Longitudinal displacements of an extensible biaxial polypropylene geogrid were converted to strains and strain rates and these values used in a rate-dependent load–strain model to calculate load along the entire length of the specimen and load transfer to the surrounding soil. Plots of load transfer, expressed as equivalent shear stress acting over the area between transverse members, against relative horizontal deformation between the geogrid inclusion and the surrounding soil were generated. These data show that for the combination of geogrid and granular soil used in this investigation, load transfer is largely due to shear between the soil particles trapped in the plane of the geogrid between transverse members, and the surrounding soil. This observation suggests that the results of direct shear box tests can be used to characterise the stiffness of the shear interface between the horizontal inclusion representing the geogrid, and the surrounding soil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".