Distinct activation prior to movement onset indexes the recruitment of cortical areas responsible for the online control of discrete reaching movements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Goal-directed reaches performed with limb vision are more accurate and less variable than their limb occluded counterparts: a finding attributed to the increased use of continuous feedback for online limb adjustments. Moreover, recent electroencephalographic (EEG) evidence indicates that the P300 represents a cortical potential providing a relational index of online limb control. In the present study, EEG waveforms and the behavioural components of reaches were examined using a double-step paradigm wherein responses were performed with and without continuous limb vision. Notably, in advance of each trial, participants were informed of whether or not vision of their limb would be available during the response. Results showed a significant EEG amplitude difference at visual and frontal electrode sites from approximately 200-300 ms after the participant was made aware of the availability of limb vision. Additionally, differences in waveforms were related to absolute differences in the extent reach trajectories were controlled. Specifically, detailed analyses of the movement trajectories revealed increased online control for limb visible trials when compared to limb occluded conditions. Thus, differences in cortical activation prior to movement onset between limb conditions may index distinct pre-movement recruitment of cortical areas responsible for presetting the motor system to adopt a specific mode of trajectory control.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".