Fate of <sup>210</sup> Pb <sub>ex</sub> fallout in soil under forest and scrub of the central Spanish Pre‐Pyrenees
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary The characteristics and distribution of unsupported radioactive lead‐210 ( 210 Pb ex ) in soil and the relations between the radionuclide and soil properties determine its fate within the environment. We have explored the distribution of 210 Pb ex in stony soil profiles near the edge of the Ebro basin in northern Spain, the role played by vegetation in that distribution, and the relation between the radionuclide and organic carbon. We describe in detail the profiles of 210 Pb ex at 23 sites, 10 under forest and 13 under scrub, which were sampled at 2‐cm intervals to a maximum depth of 14 cm. The theoretical distribution of 210 Pb ex follows an exponential decline with depth in undisturbed soil, assuming minimal surface slope and no evidence of erosion or deposition processes. Comparable distribution patterns of 210 Pb ex and organic C became evident from the analyses. There were significant correlations between the activity of 210 Pb ex and organic C under both forest and scrub, but the strongest were in the surface layers of soil under forest. More than 80% of the total activity of 210 Pb ex was adsorbed in the upper 6 cm, with an exponential decline with increasing depth. The decline was modelled with exponential functions fitted by non‐linear least‐squares regression to predict the depth distributions of 210 Pb ex and organic C in forest and scrub soils separately. The results confirm the viability of the use of 210 Pb ex in stony soil as an indicator of soil redistribution and show the significant effect of vegetative cover. These results provide useful information about sampling design for future research if the radionuclide 210 Pb ex is used for assessing soil redistribution in similar Mediterranean environments. Highlights Characterizing the vertical distribution of 210 Pb ex requires high resolution sampling (2 cm). In uncultivated soil of the Pre‐Pyrenees the fallout, 210 Pb ex , is retained in the uppermost 14 cm. The distribution of 210 Pb ex matches that of the organic matter down the profile. Vegetation affects the surface activity of 210 Pb ex in the soil, being greater under forest than under scrub.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".