Abundance of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Two Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants and Receiving Water in Atlantic Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in pathogenic bacteria confer resistance to many clinically important antibiotics and will, if found in treated wastewater and the environment, threaten public health. Using quantitative (qPCR), ARGs were assessed throughout two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that use different types of biological treatment (aerated lagoons (AL) vs. biological nutrient removal (BNR)). Furthermore, ARG presence was assessed in the receiving river of the AL plant upstream and downstream of the effluent discharge location. Both WWTPs reduced ARG levels, however ARGs persisted through the treatment. Relative abundance of ARGs (per 16s rRNA gene) was slightly decreased at the BNR plant, suggesting this treatment type improved removal of resistant bacterial populations. ARGs were detected both upstream and downstream of the AL WWTP, however higher levels were detected downstream. Overall results suggested that these WWTPs cannot remove total ARGs and are impacting ARG levels in the receiving environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".