Single-phase bidirectional integrated onboard battery charger for EVs featuring a battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hybridization of the homogeneous battery-only energy storage system (ESS) with supercapacitor (SC) has proved to be an effective solution for extending the battery lifetime and increasing the power capability of the ESS [1, 2]. However, the addition of the SC and associated DC/DC converter will increase the system weight and cost, thus nullifying the monetary gain resulting from the extension of battery lifetime. Consequently, system design needs to be revamped, whereby a single device is used to perform more than one function to reduce the overall cost. This paper presents a bidirectional integrated onboard battery charger scheme for EVs featuring a battery-supercapacitor Hybrid ESS (HESS). The integrated charger utilizes the traction motor inverter and the DC/DC converter of HESS to realize the AC/DC and DC/DC conversion stages of a standard onboard charger. As a result, the need for a standalone onboard charger is eliminated, yielding significant cost reduction and promoting the adoption of the battery-supercapacitor HESS in EVs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".