Pyrolysis and char oxidation characteristics of oil shales and coal in a thermogravimetric analyzer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Non‐isothermal thermogravimetric analysis was carried out on two different oil shales and sub‐bituminous coal in order to evaluate effects of the fuel properties and compare the reaction characteristics. The samples and their chars after the devolatilization were heated up to 900 °C at a constant heating rate of 10 K/min under inert and oxidizing atmospheres, respectively. Experimental results exhibit distinct behaviour between the samples for both pyrolysis and char oxidation processes. Pyrolysis of oil shale occurs in two temperature regimes corresponding to its organic and mineral degradation, and mineral matter plays important roles in production of the residual char at the second pyrolysis stage and its reactivity to the subsequent char oxidation. Kinetic analysis was performed using the global one‐ and multi‐step models with nth order reaction mechanism. Organic devolatilization processes of coal and oil shale are analyzed by three‐ and two‐step models, respectively, however mineral degradation of oil shale and char oxidation are analyzed by a one‐step model. Finally, a reasonable fit to the experimental data can be achieved for all the samples and their chars at different atmospheres.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".