Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in wild birds in Belgium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is the causative agent of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens. CRD is characterized by coughing, nasal discharge, sinusitis and severe lesions on the air sacs. Economic losses, due to a decrease in weight gain and egg production, are significant. Moreover, breeder flocks that are infected with M. gallisepticum have to be culled. Mycoplasma species are host restricted but infections with M. gallisepticum, which occur mostly in chickens, also have been detected in other bird species (reservoirs) such as pheasants, partridges, peacocks, ducks, wild turkeys, and house finches. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there were other reservoirs for M. gallisepticum in wildlife. Therefor we analyzed serum samples of wild crows and geese for the presence of antibodies against M. gallisepticum. In 2012, blood samples of wild geese were collected in Belgium. Samples from Canadian geese (Branta canadensis) and Greylag geese (Anser anser) were tested. Samples from carrion crows (Corvus corone) were also collected in 2012. We obtained a total of 192 blood samples of acceptable quality to analyze the presence of antibodies against M. gallisepticum. Ninety-six samples were from crows and 96 were from geese. Antibodies were detected using a Blocking Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay (Svanovir® MG-Ab). Results were read using a photometer at 450 nm. All samples of both wild crows and geese were negative. In this study, it seems like wild crows and geese do not play an important role in the spread of M. gallisepticum in Belgium. However, further investigation in other wild birds is ongoing. Acks: T. Michiels is supported by the Federal Public Service of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment (RCO-6752 MYCOPLASMA). The study was funded by the Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain. The authors thank Didier Vangeluwe (Belgian Ringing Centre, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Belgium) for providing the samples.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".