“Teachers Amongst their own People”: Kanyen'kehá:ka (Mohawk) Women Teachers in Nineteenth-Century Tyendinaga and Grand River, Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT In the mid-nineteenth century, the New England Company (NEC), an Anglican missionary society, focused many of its efforts on hiring Indigenous teachers for its schools at Grand River and Tyendinaga, two Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) communities in southern Ontario. The NEC believed that it was useful to hire Indigenous teachers due to their ability to speak to the students in one of the local Indigenous languages as well as in English. Many Haudenosaunee leaders and families also believed that a Western education would benefit their children and therefore supported the construction of churches and schools. Kanyen'kehá:ka (Mohawk) women born into this cultural environment worked to build careers for themselves as on-reserve educators. Some struggled to secure meaningful employment due to their gender, while others found work but faced numerous challenges in performing their jobs. This paper reveals that Kanyen'kehá:ka women persisted as teachers despite gender and material barriers, creating models for participation in colonial education for Haudenosaunee youth in the nineteenth century. RÉSUMÉ Au milieu du XIXe siècle, la New England Company (NEC), une société missionnaire anglicane, a consacré beaucoup d’efforts afin d’embaucher des enseignants autochtones pour ses écoles de Grand River et de Tyendinaga, deux communautés Haudenosaunee du sud de l’Ontario. La NEC croyait qu’il était utile d’embaucher des enseignants autochtones en raison de leur capacité à parler aux élèves dans l’une des langues autochtones locales, aussi bien qu’en anglais. Plusieurs dirigeants et familles Haudenosaunee soutenaient également la construction d’églises et d’écoles, parce qu’ils croyaient qu’une éducation occidentale profiterait à leurs enfants. Les femmes Kanyen'kehá:ka (Mohawk) nées dans cet environnement culturel ont travaillé à se bâtir des carrières comme éducatrices sur les réserves. À cause de leur genre, certaines ont dû lutter afin d’obtenir un travail significatif, alors que d’autres ayant trouvé un emploi ont dû a ronter de nombreux dé s dans l’accomplissement de leur travail. Cet article révèle que malgré les difficultés matérielles et la barrière du genre, les femmes Kanyen'kehá:ka ont persistées dans le domaine de l’enseignement, créant ainsi des modèles de participation à l’éducation coloniale pour la jeunesse Haudenosaunee au XIXe siècle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.023 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".