A New Split Charge Equilibration Model and REPEAT Electrostatic Potential Fitted Charges for Periodic Frameworks with a Net Charge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Periodic frameworks that possess a net charge, such as zeolites, are an important class of materials in wide use. For guest–host interactions to be simulated in these materials, partial atomic charges are often used. In this work, we investigate two methods for the generation of partial atomic charges in periodic systems having a net framework charge. We first examine the validity of generating REPEAT electrostatic potential fitted charges derived from periodic electronic structure calculations, where a constant background charge is added to neutralize the net charge on the framework. The constant background charge obviates the need to add neutralizing counterions, which may induce artifacts such as polarization in the infinite periodic system. The second method we explore is the split charge equilibration (SQE) method for the rapid generation of partial atomic charges. The original formulation of the SQE method cannot be applied to systems with a net charge. In this work, we reformulate the SQE method by transforming the split charges into an atomic charge basis that allows for non-neutral systems to be treated. The new SQE model, which we call SQE AB (for atomic basis), was validated with a series of tests using both charged and neutral metal organic frameworks and zeolites. It was shown that SQE AB gives equivalent results to those of the original SQE model for neutral systems. We then demonstrated that the SQE AB method is able to “capture” the chemical structure of a charged framework better than that of the charge equilibration model by comparing to REPEAT electrostatic potential fitted charges.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".