L'eau, chose commune : un statut juridique à confirmer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article is based on a paper submitted to the Commission sur la gestion de l'eau au Quebec during the important public hearings recently held in that province. Part A deals with the legal status of water in Quebec. The Government of Quebec has recently taken the position that according to Quebec civil law, groundwater is privately owned by the owner of the land where it is located. This interpretation, in our view, is ill founded: groundwater, like surface water, is a res communis. Part B examines the legal status of water in the common law provinces. The law of those provinces does not grant individuals any proprietary rights in the water itself, only rights to use. The title to water is sometimes said to be vested in the Crown. However, what is meant is not a proprietary right in the water, but a public trust to protect the resource and control its use by individuals, in the public interest.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.032 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.015 | 0.014 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.038 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".