Impact of administrative measures on electrical energy costs in copper production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Mining and Smelting Complex Bor (RTB) is one of the biggest electrical energy consumers in Serbia, with costs that exceed 3 million USD per month, or between 30 and 40 million USD per year. A complex technological process of copper production comprises mining, concentrate production (flotation), smelting and electrolytic refining. In all these stages a large amount of energy is consumed. The electricity is supplied from the power plants using 5 substations: two of them located in Bor, and the remaining three in Majdanpek. The conditions for delivery and billing of the electrical energy were defined by the contract with the supplier. The methods of billing (calculation) the electrical energy costs were changed several times in the previous 25 years. Although the consumed energy is the largest part of the overall costs, there were also some indirect costs affecting the final monthly price. It is clear that even a minor percentage decrease of costs can lead to substantial savings in the total amount. Hence, different technological and organizational activities were undertaken to reduce these costs. The paper presents primarily the effects of administrative measures on the amount of total electrical energy costs in copper production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.028 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".