Diclofenac for pain associated with intravitreal injections: a prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled study
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Intravitreal injections (IVI) are often painful. BACKGROUND: To evaluate the analgesic effect of diclofenac in patients undergoing IVI. DESIGN: Single-centre, prospective, randomized, triple-arm, placebo-controlled, interventional study in the University Hospital of Patras. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-four patients. METHODS: Group 1 (n = 25) received topical diclofenac 45 min before IVI, Group 2 (n = 25) received oral diclofenac 4 h before IVI and topical diclofenac while Group 3 (n = 24) received placebo before IVI. Using the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), pain intensity was assessed with the visual analogue scale (VAS), the main component of the SF-MPQ and the Present Pain Intensity (PPI) scores immediately and 6 h post-IVI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The VAS pain score immediately post-IVI. RESULTS: Immediately post-IVI, patients in Group 2 reported significantly lower VAS pain scores compared to placebo while no statistically significant difference was found between patients that received topical diclofenac and placebo. Six hours post-IVI, patients in both treatment groups reported significant lower VAS pain scores compared to placebo. The scores of the main component of the SF-MPQ were significantly lower in patients of treatment groups compared to placebo at both time-points. Finally, while no statistically significant difference was found between the 3 Groups in PPI scores immediately post-IVI, 6 h later, patients of both treatment groups reported significantly lower PPI scores compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The combination of topical and oral diclofenac demonstrated better analgesic effect than topical diclofenac administration in patients undergoing IVI immediately and up to 6 h post-IVI.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it