Inactivation of foodborne pathogens on food packaging and in cow milk by exposure to a Nd:YAG laser
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study demonstrates the inhibition of selective foodborne pathogenic bacteria by exposure to a 355 and 266 nm Nd:YAG laser. In baseline assay P. aeruginosa showed maximum inhibition followed by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes grown on agar surface. Cell lysis was confirmed by confocal microscopy for all pathogens. In liquid media, P. aeruginosa was irradiated with the third harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser pulse energy of 185 mJ, which was able to reduce the population of 1.65 × 105 by 4.7 logs, while P. aeruginosa could only be reduced by 0.73 log/cm2 on packaging material surface. In the final phase, the laser’s potential was preliminarily tested for sterilization of raw cow milk. The reduction patterns of E. coli, Salmonella sp. yeasts and Lactobacillus sp. were 30%, 25%, 47%, and 30%, respectively, in raw milk, moreover, laser exposure had no significant impact on physio-chemistry of milk. Therefore, results indicate the potential application of laser in packing materials and milk sterilization at the industrial level.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".