A Novel Low-Loss Millimeter-Wave 3-dB 90° Ridge-Gap Coupler Using Large Aperture Progressive Phase Compensation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel millimeter-wave (mm-wave) 90° phase-compensated hybrid coupler using the ridge-gap waveguide (RGW) technology is studied and developed. The coupler is low-loss at mm-wave frequency bands, whereas using conventional transmission lines, such as microstrip or substrate integrated waveguides, yields relatively a high amount of insertion loss. The proposed coupler is designed using large coupling apertures, which with their phase variation over the apertures can compensate for the progressive phase of the coupler and achieve a low output-phase error. The ridge-gap 3-db 90° hybrid coupler is suitable for designing mm-wave beamforming networks, such as the Butler matrix beamformer, where the cross-over transmission lines present a difficulty in designing such networks. In this paper, the dispersion diagram of the RGW is extracted, and a multicoupling aperture technique is formulated for designing the coupler. The coupler is fabricated and measured. The simulated and measured results show a good agreement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".