Bibliographic record
Abstract
Whatever country we look at, we find that in ancient times the imperial or royal family was dominant in economic terms, while the economy of the common people was so weak that it could be virtually disregarded. Over time the royal economy was first of all rationalized, and then consciously operated along capitalist lines. This led to the appearance of countries of capitalism from above in which political power played an important role. In colonies such as America and Canada, however, the colonies themselves had long lacked any great influence, and the colonists, who had no political power, worked to build up their own private economies. This led to the formation of a macro economy characterized by mutual competition between a large number of private enterprises, i.e. capitalism from below. Looking at the main industrial countries now such as those belonging to G.7 or G.8, it is only America and Canada that can be characterized in this way. For a country of capitalism from above to make the transition to becoming one of capitalism from below, there has to be a democratic tradition that will protect these small private economies. Only Britain has that kind of long democratic tradition. Britain early on created a structure that would limit the economic activities of the royal family in the form of a parliament, and its macro-economy was soon successful in making the transition to capitalism from below.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".