A physical model universe without dark energy and dark matter; pp. 159–173
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Postulating kinetic energy dominance (KED) in the flat or observationally quasi-flat elliptical model universe with neither dark matter nor dark energy, it has been demonstrated that the curves of apparent luminosity versus redshift as the distance measure in the KED model universe and in the standard LCDM universe for Ia type supernovae as the standard candles are well-matching ones. This circumstance demonstrates that in cosmology there is probably no need for additional gravitationally attractive dark matter and repulsive dark energy. The KED model universe incorporates an additive, p2 = -ρ2c2/3, to the equation of state that describes the total energy integral, often treated as a special case of ‘quintessence’. The Einstein equations of general relativity have been tentatively modified in the spirit of Mach’s principle, multiplying a new cosmological coefficient by the ratio of total retarding gravitational potential of matter in the universe to c2. The KED model universe can originate from a collapsing huge-mass black hole in its internal region, describable by isotropic coordinates, as a new expanding universe. The mass of such a collapsing black hole passes, for a long time and with a constant rate, Ṁ = c3/2G, through the past horizon (Schwarzschild trap surface), generating a modified Milne-type expanding Big-Bang universe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".