Flume-scale experiments on suffusion at bottom of cutoff wall in sandy gravel alluvium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a series of flume-scale experiments to investigate suffusion at the bottom of a cutoff wall in an internally unstable sandy gravel alluvium. The initiation, progression, and potential failure of suffusion and the interactive effects of geomechanical and hydraulic conditions with the evolution of suffusion were investigated in this particular application. Temporal and spatial development of pore pressure, earth pressure, and settlement demonstrated suffusion was a multi-phase (involving pore water, fine and coarse fractions) and multi-field (involving seepage, seepage-induced fine-fraction variation, and stress–deformation) coupling phenomenon. Suffusion initiated at the downstream side of the tip of the cutoff wall and then generally progressed backward to the upstream side. The monitored earth pressure provided an evidence of the heterogeneous stress distribution in internally unstable soil. Two linear empirical formulas for average hydraulic gradients at the initiation of suffusion and at blowout were derived based on the flume-scale model experiments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".