Identification and Characterization of <i>Botrytis fragariae</i> Isolates on Strawberry in the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gray mold is a devastating disease on strawberry, and may be caused by several species of Botrytis. The goal of this study was to better understand and characterize the species of Botrytis with reduced sensitivity to the fungicide Polyoxin D, particularly Botrytis fragariae. In total, 78 Botrytis isolates of unknown species that were sensitive (28 isolates; S), moderately sensitive (22 isolates; MS), or reduced sensitive (28 isolates; RS) to Polyoxin-D were collected from commercial strawberry fields of five states in the United States, identified to the species level, and characterized. The majority (75%) of S isolates were Botrytis cinerea and the majority (79%) of RS isolates were the recently described species B. fragariae, indicating an innate ability of B. fragariae to tolerate Polyoxin-D. B. fragariae produced fluffy, white mycelium and was less likely to sporulate on potato dextrose agar than B. cinerea. Isolates from a commercial field recovered from blossoms in early spring were all B. fragariae, those from leaves of the same plants in late spring were a mixture of B. fragariae and B. cinerea, and those from fruit in early summer were all B. cinerea, indicating that B. fragariae may preferentially colonize blossom tissue. A polymerase chain reaction-based assay was developed based on NEP2 sequence variability to distinguish B. fragariae from other Botrytis spp. that have been reported on strawberry, including B. cinerea, B. mali, B. caroliniana, and B. ricini. None of the isolates collected from Canada, California, or North Carolina nurseries were B. fragariae, indicating that the newly described species may not exist or not be widely distributed in planting stock.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".