Modelling the impact of particle flow on rigid structures: Experimental and numerical investigations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gravity-driven debris flow of granular particles down an inclined slope is a problem of growing concern in mountainous regions and poses a significant risk to people, roads, and other infrastructure. Different aspects of the problem have been previously investigated using physical modelling and numerical analysis. However, three dimensional pressure distribution on a barrier wall resulting from debris flow over a rough slope is scarce in the literature. In this study, a series of experiments are conducted to track the movement of granular particles down a slope and measure the impact pressure imposed by the flowing particles on a nearby vertical wall. The particles are released from a container located at the top of the slope and the velocity profiles are recorded using marked pebbles and a high-speed camera. The effect of the debris volume, slope angle, and distance to the wall on the velocity profiles and impact forces are investigated. Validated using the experimental results, discrete element simulations are performed using PFC3D to evaluate the effect of particle sizes on the flow characteristics and final impact pressure on the structure. Analysis showed that impact energy is highly affected by the slope inclination, particle velocity, and runout distance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".