Abstract 644: Salt Intake, Blood Pressure and Renal Function in a Black Population: A 5-Year Prospective Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The salt debate continues, also regarding the WHO recommendation to restrict salt intake below 5 g/day. Black populations exhibit a high prevalence of salt-sensitivity, but no large-scale studies in these populations have been performed to show the cardiovascular consequences of dietary salt intake. Aim: To determine whether estimated daily salt intake is associated with BP and renal function cross-sectionally; and prospectively over 5-years. Methods: We included 1589 HIV-uninfected black participants aged > 30 yrs, and followed 1174 over 5 years (of which 151 died). We collected blood and fasting morning spot urine. The Kawasaki-formula was applied to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion. Using ANCOVAs we compared the following salt-intake groups: <3; 3-4; 5-6; 7-8; ≥9 g/day. Group sizes ranged from 84-499 participants. Results: Before and after adjustments baseline SBP tended to associate with estimated daily salt intake (adjusted p-trend=0.10). At baseline, there was no association of salt intake with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; p=0.65), but a strong positive association with albumin-to-creatinine ratio (p<0.001). Baseline daily salt intake of 5-6 g/day resulted in the smallest increase in SBP/DBP of 1.49/1.25 mmHg. Low daily salt intake of <3 and 3-4 g/day resulted in greater increases in BP than intakes of 5-6 g/day, namely SBP/DBP of 5.02/5.12 mmHg for < 3 mg/day (p for trend=0.034). The highest salt intake group (≥ 9 g/day) showed increases of 4.49/3.15 mmHg, albeit not significantly different from the 5-6 g/day group (p for trend=0.24). Regarding renal function, serum creatinine decreased from 101 to 65 μmol/L over 5 years, with an increase in eGFR from 114 to 129 ml/min/1.73 m 2 (both p<0.001). %eGFR increased according to salt intake (p-trend=0.038). Conclusion: Estimated daily salt intake relates weakly to BP cross-sectionally, but strongly with albuminuria. Prospectively, low salt intake of less than 5 g/day predicts a significant elevation in SBP compared to 5-6 g/day. In contrast to healthy white populations indicating a decrease in GFR with age, we found an increase over 5 years, which is related to salt intake, suggesting a high prevalence of salt-sensitivity in this black population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".