Bibliographic record
Abstract
Photochromismis a reversible transformation of two chemical species between two energetic states caused by absorption of visible light or, in a broad sense, any electromagnetic radiation. This chapter focuses on the reversible transformation of photochromic molecules in the solid state where they are supported by a surface or incorporated into an amorphous polymer host matrix, liquid-crystalline polymer network (LCN), or liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) or grown as single crystals. It then describes molecular and macroscopic motion of azobenzene chromophores. The chapter discusses molecular machines as surface-organized photochromic molecules performing work in the environment (matrix). It covers photochromes in scaled-up freestanding bulk materials such as polymer films and crystals. The chapter provides a survey summary of some of the manifestations of the photomechanical effect leading to macroscale actuation with azobenzene and other photoswitches. Perhaps, photomechanical effects in organic materials were first noted for the azobenzene chromophore.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".