Bibliographic record
Abstract
Photochromismis a reversible transformation of two chemical species between two energetic states caused by absorption of visible light or, in a broad sense, any electromagnetic radiation. This chapter focuses on the reversible transformation of photochromic molecules in the solid state where they are supported by a surface or incorporated into an amorphous polymer host matrix, liquid-crystalline polymer network (LCN), or liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) or grown as single crystals. It then describes molecular and macroscopic motion of azobenzene chromophores. The chapter discusses molecular machines as surface-organized photochromic molecules performing work in the environment (matrix). It covers photochromes in scaled-up freestanding bulk materials such as polymer films and crystals. The chapter provides a survey summary of some of the manifestations of the photomechanical effect leading to macroscale actuation with azobenzene and other photoswitches. Perhaps, photomechanical effects in organic materials were first noted for the azobenzene chromophore.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.031 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".