Retinoic acid as a chemoattractant for cultured embryonic spinal cord neurons of the African Clawed Frog, <i>Xenopus laevis</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, is important for neural development and regeneration and can induce neurite outgrowth. It may also act as a guidance molecule by attracting neurite processes during outgrowth. In the African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802)), RA has been shown to play an important role in the development of the anterior–posterior axis. However, whether RA can act as a trophic or tropic molecule on embryonic neurons of this species has not been determined. In this study, we investigated the effects of two retinoid isomers, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cisRA), on cultured embryonic spinal cord neurons of X. laevis. Both isomers significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth compared with the vehicle control. In addition, atRA induced growth cone turning, which was blocked with a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonist, selective for the β receptor subtype. Immunostaining also revealed RAR immunoreactivity in the neurites and growth cones of these cells. Interestingly, the 9-cisRA isomer also induced significant growth cone turning and this response was inhibited by a retinoid X receptor (RXR) pan-antagonist. Overall, we have provided evidence for both trophic and chemotropic actions of two naturally occurring retinoid isomers on Xenopus embryonic spinal cord neurons in culture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".