Severe Obesity, Obesity, and Cardiometabolic Risk in Children 0 to 6 Years of Age
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity in children has been shown to be plateauing or decreasing in some countries. However, the burden of severe obesity is often not assessed. Children with severe obesity may be at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The objective is to determine the prevalence of severe obesity in young children and to examine the association with cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted through The Applied Research Group for Kids! (TARGet Kids!), a practice-based research network in Toronto, Canada. Healthy children from birth to 6 years of age were recruited and followed through middle childhood. The main outcomes of the study were as follows: total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). BMI was age and sex standardized based on the WHO growth standards. A BMI z-score >3 was used to define obesity for children <5 years of age, and severe obesity for children ≥5 years of age. RESULTS: Among 5738 children <5 years, 0.8% had a zBMI >3. In 626 children who were 5 and 6 years old, 2.1% had a zBMI >3. In the multivariable analysis adjusted for age, sex, maternal ethnicity, and family history, using repeated measures, children with a zBMI >3 had significantly higher odds of having abnormal SBP [odds ratio (OR) 6.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-27.9; p = 0.01] and DBP (OR, 3.6 95% CI 1.2-10.6; p = 0.02), respectively, as compared with healthy-weight children. Trends demonstrating an association between a zBMI >3 and abnormal lipid levels were also identified. CONCLUSION: Young children with a zBMI >3 have significantly higher blood pressure measures and trends toward worse lipid profiles than children at lower zBMIs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".