Physiological changes during overwintering of the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims at better understanding of the physiological changes that occur during the winter months in Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) living at their northernmost distributional limit (48°N). It was conducted in northeastern New Brunswick, Canada (47°49′N, 64°46′W). Oysters were held in Vexar® bags on the bottom of a bay and collected before (December) and during (January–April) the ice-cover period. Winter mortality was <5%. A significant decrease in the concentration of lipids stored in the digestive gland (from 42.0 to 22.5 mg/g wet tissue) indicated that the animals had access to oxygen, probably through minimal shell openings. Proteins were also used, although less heavily (decrease from 68.0 to 59.1 mg/g wet tissue), leading to an accumulation of ammonia in the intrapallial fluid (up to 0.83 μM), which is modest considering the length of time the animals lived as almost closed systems. In contrast, carbohydrates appear to play a minor role in winter energetics. Low pH values of intrapallial fluid were noted in late winter (c. 7.0) as compared with those measured at the onset of winter and in spring (c. 7.7). The animals used more energy substrates in late than in early winter, which might be partly related to the necessity to intensify detoxification mechanisms as toxic metabolites accumulate. Despite the fact that oysters do not filter-feed at temperatures <0 °C, the mass of the digestive gland increased by a factor of 1.5 during early winter, presumably as the result of nutrient transfer from other tissues. The ability of C. virginica to use energy-rich substrates and to minimize the accumulation of catabolic byproducts could partly explain the ability of the species to survive prolonged subzero conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".