Properties and Applications of Controllable Fluids: A Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Controllable fluids, when exposed to an electric or magnetic field changes their rheological behavior remarkably. These smart materials are commonly referred as Magneto-rheological (MR) fluids, Electro-rheological (ER) fluids and Ferro-fluids. Magneto-rheological (MR) fluids are the dispersions of fine (~ 0.05-10 μm) magnetically soft, multi-domain particles in a hydraulic or silicone oil carrier fluid. The apparent yield strength of these fluids can be changed significantly within milliseconds on the application of an external magnetic field. MR fluids possess rheological properties, which can be changed in a controlled way. ER fluid also exhibit changes in their behavior under the influence of an applied electric field. In the earlier era, ER fluids have long been known as electro-viscous fluids, where rheological effects were used to depict the changes observed in the mechanical properties of the fluid due to electrostatic stress. Ferro-fluids consist of colloidal suspension of mono domain ultra-fine magnetic particles (typically less than 10 nm), dispersed in either aqueous or non-aqueous liquids. In this paper, properties and application of controllable fluid has been reviewed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".