Low levels of extracellular glucose limit cardiac anaerobic metabolism in some species of fish
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is a wide interspecific range in plasma glucose levels in teleosts from less than 0.5 to greater than 10 mmol l−1. Here it is assessed how glucose availability influences glucose metabolism in hearts of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) and short-horned sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. These species had plasma glucose levels of 5.1, 4.8, 0.9 and 0.5 mmol l−1, respectively. Rates of glucose metabolism and lactate production were determined in isolated hearts perfused with media containing physiological levels of glucose. Under normoxic conditions there was no significant difference in rates of either glucose metabolism (average 15 nmol g−1 min−1) or lactate production (average 30 nmol g−1 min−1) across species. Under hypoxia (12% of air saturation) there were significant increases in rates of glucose metabolism and lactate production in hearts from Atlantic cod (glucose - 130; lactate - 663 nmol g−1 min−1) and rainbow trout (glucose - 103; lactate - 774 nmol g−1 min−1); however, there was no change in rate of glucose metabolism in hearts from either lumpfish or short-horned sculpin and only increases in lactate production to rates much lower than the other species. Furthermore, Atlantic cod hearts perfused with medium containing low non-physiological levels of glucose (0.5 mmol l−1) had the same rates of glucose metabolism under normoxic and hypoxic treatment. Anaerobic metabolism supported by extracellular glucose is compromised in fish with low levels of plasma glucose which in turn may decrease performance under oxygen limiting conditions at the whole animal level.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".