Nondestructive health monitoring of soil nails using electromagnetic waves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The installed length and grouted length of a soil nail should be evaluated to prevent construction disasters and landslides. The objective of this study is the development and application of a nondestructive method for evaluating the installed length and grouted length of soil nails using electromagnetic waves. Experiments are conducted on steel bars, partially grouted steel bars, fully grouted steel bars, and soil nails. Electromagnetic waves are generated and detected by a time-domain reflectometer. The experimental results show that the respective round-trip travel times increase with an increase in the length of the steel bar, grouted steel bar, and soil nail. The velocities are greatest and lowest for steel bars and soil nails installed in soil, respectively. For partially grouted steel bars, multiple reflections are detected at the interface between the nongrouted sections and grouted sections. The velocity decreases with an increase in the grouted ratio of the soil nail. This study demonstrates that electromagnetic waves can be effectively applied for the evaluation of the installed length and grouted length of the soil nail for health monitoring.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".