Observations of Langmuir circulation in the open ocean using acoustic instrumentation mounted on a subsurface drifting package
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The air-sea interface of the ocean is an energetic and dynamic environment that poses challenges for the positioning of instrumentation. One way to avoid the complexities of placing instrumentation at the ocean surface is to position a platform at some distance below the surface and sample surface processes remotely using acoustic systems. David Farmer recognized the value of such a sampling approach and led the Ocean Acoustics group at the Institute of Ocean Sciences to develop the required capabilities in the late 1980s. We report on observations made during a cruise to Ocean Station Papa in October 1987. Acoustic instruments revealed persistent bands of subsurface bubble clouds spaced by 5 to 10 m and extending in length up to 100 m. The clouds were aligned with the prevailing wind direction consistent with the organization expected from Langmuir circulation. Average downward velocities of 6 cm/s were observed in the bubble plumes that extended to a depth of 15 m. These early observations of near-surface processes motivated a series of instrumentation developments that have helped to explore the richness and complexity of movements within the ocean mixed layer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".