Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Palladium-based Methanol Tolerant Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts in a DMFC
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Palladium-based electrocatalysts (PdSn and PdPtSn) dispersed on carbon Vulcan were prepared by a borohydride reduction of the corresponding chemicals in a THF solution at 0 °C. These catalysts were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical techniques. The physical characterization showed that the method of synthesis enable the formation of particles with less than 10 nm in size. The evaluation of the catalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was carried out by cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk electrode in a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution with different concentrations of methanol. The presence of methanol improved the catalytic activity of the ORR on the bimetallic PdSn, but insignificant effect was observed toward the ORR on PdPtSn alloy. The performance of the membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), prepared with dispersed PdPtSn/C as a cathode catalyst in a single direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) showed a maximum power density of 10 mW cm-2 at 50 ° C.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".