Transformations of collectivism and individualism in the Peruvian central Andes: A <i>comunidad</i> over three decades
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Andean peoples have a longstanding reputation for collective spirit, while the pressures of capitalism and the modern state are seen to promote individualism. This article uses fieldwork from over three decades in the Peruvian comunidad campesina I call Allpachico to examine how collectivist and individualist behaviour have intertwined and transformed. Over this time, governments and NGOs have facilitated and discouraged different collective forms at distinct moments, while the complaints made by the people highlight both the barriers they encounter in working together and the forms of individualism that are blamed. This detailed historical perspective provides insight into grassroots debates about how to define and practice community, as well as to how and why collective action is inadequate to gain livelihood in each of three eras. Neither collectivism nor individualism is clearly gaining ground; rather, the forms of each and their inter-relationship transform over time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".