Social entrepreneur, social entrepreneurship and social enterprise: semantics and controversies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Social entrepreneurship is commonly used to qualify economic initiatives that serve social and/or environmental mission and that reinvest a large part of their surpluses in support of their mission. Even though this definition is not yet stabilized and its boundaries remain unclear, it aims to achieve both economic efficiency and social purpose. It takes place within a context of need to build new responses to societal challenges that are sustainable, socially, economically and environmentally. Although interest in social entrepreneurship is growing, it is still a controversial notion. Based on a literature survey, this paper identifies the major elements of controversy. Current debates concern the organizational forms taken by social entrepreneurship, that will be determining, among others, for the governance structure of social enterprises. Another central debate focuses on the boundaries of this notion, between market, public policy and civil society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.093 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.017 | 0.026 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".