Stochastic and Resolvable Gravitational Waves from Ultralight Bosons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultralight scalar fields around spinning black holes can trigger superradiant instabilities, forming a long-lived bosonic condensate outside the horizon. We use numerical solutions of the perturbed field equations and astrophysical models of massive and stellar-mass black hole populations to compute, for the first time, the stochastic gravitational-wave background from these sources. In optimistic scenarios the background is observable by Advanced LIGO and LISA for field masses ${m}_{s}$ in the range $\ensuremath{\sim}[2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13},{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}]$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}[{10}^{\ensuremath{-}19},{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}]\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, respectively, and it can affect the detectability of resolvable sources. Our estimates suggest that an analysis of the stochastic background limits from LIGO O1 might already be used to marginally exclude axions with mass $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12.5}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$. Semicoherent searches with Advanced LIGO (LISA) should detect $\ensuremath{\sim}15(5)$ to 200(40) resolvable sources for scalar field masses $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ $({10}^{\ensuremath{-}17})\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$. LISA measurements of massive BH spins could either rule out bosons in the range $\ensuremath{\sim}[{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18},2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}]\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, or measure ${m}_{s}$ with 10% accuracy in the range $\ensuremath{\sim}[{10}^{\ensuremath{-}17},{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}]\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".