Bibliographic record
Abstract
First migrations of P. infestans out of Mexico, the center of origin, probably occurred on at least three stages during the 1840s. Historical and genetic data indicate that the first step in the initial migration was from Mexico into the United States. The second step occurred at the beginning 1844 with the introduction of a single clone from the United States into Europe. Potato cultivars grown in Europe were highly susceptible to late blight. After/? infesting colonized Europe, it was spread all over the world. Second migration was first noticed in 1984, with the discovery of the A2 mating type in isolates from culture collections dating back to 1981. From Mexico to Europe 25.000 tons of potatoes were imported during 1976 and 1977. A large shipment of commercial potatoes is much more likely to contain more pathogen genotypes than a small shipment of wild potatoes during the 1840s. Third global migration of P. infestans occurred during the late 1970s from north-western Mexico into the United States, but her character was discovery at the beginning the 1990s This migration brought new clonal lineage US-6 which had not been detected previously in the United States. However US-6 was the most common genotype in northwestern Mexico. US-6 isolates infect both potato and tomato, whereas earlier dominant US-1 isolates only infect potato. Two new clonal lineages, US-7 and US-8, were detected in the Unites States beginning in 1992. These genotypes were of the Л2 mating type and highly resistant to the fungicide metalaxyl. Both lineages had spread throughout the United States and into Canada. Most of this exotic strians are resistant to metalaxyl and very pathogenic on potato foliage and tubers and tomato caused strong epidemics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".