Entre Trump y Trudeau: claúsulas laborales y libre comercio a la luz del ceta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
espanolEl libre comercio se ha situado en el centro del debate politico. De una parte, la victoria de Donald Trump y su decision de retirar a los Estados Unidos del Acuerdo Transpacifico ha revitalizado las posturas mas proteccionistas. La principal razon esgrimida, muy presente durante la campana electoral, se centra en evitar los supuestos efectos perniciosos derivados de la paulatina extension y ampliacion de las areas de libre comercio sobre la clase trabajadora norteamericana, mensaje que calo, especialmente, en las antiguas ciudades industriales de los Estados mas afectados por la Globalizacion. De otra parte, Canada y la Union Europea han reaccionado acelerando el procedimiento de ratificacion del Acuerdo Economico y de Comercio conocido como CETA. El principal argumento esgrimido por los gobiernos para convencer a la ciudadania de uno y otro lado del Atlantico se centra en los beneficios economicos que potencialmente se van a derivar de su aplicacion. Sin embargo, esta activa defensa de los gobiernos europeos y canadiense de este Acuerdo, por otra parte no poco controvertido, contrasta con la fria acogida, cuando no oposicion, de buena parte de los ciudadanos europeos, simbolizada en la numantina oposicion del Parlamento de pequena region belga de Valonia a otorgar permiso al gobierno federal para ratificarlo si no se introducian importantes cambios en su contenido. ?Puede calificarse la postura de la nueva Administracion norteamericana como populista o existen riesgos ciertos para el mercado de trabajo y su economia? ?Hasta que punto hay motivos objetivos para oponerse o apoyar el libre comercio? A pesar de que, desde David Ricardo, existe un cierto consenso entre los economistas en relacion a los efectos beneficiosos del libre comercio, esto no significa ni que estos hayan de alcanzar automaticamente al conjunto de la sociedad y, en particular, a los trabajadores; ni que se asegure que no vaya a haber ganadores y perdedores. Por ello, la anunciada asuncion de que el comercio produce beneficio neto, quiza debiera completarse con la advertencia de que para que tales beneficios alcancen al conjunto de la sociedad o, si se prefiere, para que se compensen las externalidades negativas en el plano social y laboral. resulta necesaria la adopcion de instrumentos adicionales adecuados y eficaces. Entre estos destacan la incorporacion de clausulas laborales a los tratados de libre comercio, en cuya virtud se garantizan unos estandares minimos (frecuentemente los marcados por los convenios de la OIT) entre las partes firmantes. El objeto de este trabajo es analizar hasta que puntos estas clausulas estan cumpliendo la funcion que tienen encomendada y en que medida son causas y consecuencia de la situacion descrita. Para ello se dividira en los siguientes apartados. Tras una breve introduccion sobre la situacion del libre comercio, se analizara la creciente tendencia hacia la incorporacion de clausulas laborales en los tratados de comercio internacional y sus rasgos fundamentales. A continuacion, se empleara el caso practico y controvertido del CHA para estudiar sus ventajas y debilidades. Finalmente, sobre la base de lo anterior, se formularan algunas conclusiones acerca de sus potencialidades de cara al futuro. EnglishFree trade has placed on the centre of the political debate. On the one hand, the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States and his decision of retiring his country from the Jrans-Pacific Partnership has triggered the positions against free trade. The reason, hardly discussed during the election campaign, lays on the supposed negatives effects on working class' living conditions of developed countries. This clear opposition obtained the enthusiastic support. among others. of mes blue-collard workers in states especially affected by the effects of globalization. On the other hand. Europe and Canada have reacted by accelerating the procedure of ratificatian of the so-called Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). The arguments exposed before the citizenship from both sides of the Atlantic focus on the economic benefits which will presumably produce. However, the active defence of this controversial Treaty by the governments contrasts wi!h the cold acceptation, even opposition, of quite a few of the European citizens, symbolized by the brave opposition of Balloon pariiament, which strongly refused to give its permission to the Belgian federal government to ratified the CETA. Is the new American Adrninlstration's position populistic or there exist serious risks for its labour market and ecanomy? To what extend are there objective reasons to oppose or promote free trade? Despite from David Ricardo there is consensus among economist about the beneficial effects of free trade. this neither means these benefits extend to the whole society automatically, nor winners and losers derive from this kind of economic cooperation tool. Consequently, along with this assumption. another unattainable must be made: it is necessary to campensate the externalities generated by trade agreements on social and working conditions by the adoption of some parallel instruments. The paper focused on one of these tools, the labour provisions included in trade agreements, which aims to guarantee certain minimum labour conditions (frequently set by ILO's conventions) arnongthe parties involved. In order to address this issue, the article is divided as follows. After a brief introduction, it will analyse the increasing trend on the inclusion of labour provision in trade agreements and is main characteristics. After that, the practical and controversial case of CETA will be studied to show the pros and cons of this legal instrument. Finally, some conclusions regarding its future possibilities will be given
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".