Quantum radiation from an evaporating nonsingular black hole
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper we study quantum radiation from an evaporating spherically symmetric nonsingular black hole. We used a modified Hayward metric for a description of a nonsingular black hole interior. We assume that the mass parameter of this metric depends on the advanced time, and choose this dependence so that it properly reproduces both black hole formation and its subsequent evaporation. We consider a quantum massless scalar field propagating in this geometry and use two-dimensional approximation for the calculation of the quantum average of the stress-energy tensor in the initial vacuum state. For the calculation of this quantity it is sufficient to find a map between the Killing times ${u}_{+}$ and ${u}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ at the future and past null infinities, established by the propagation of the radial null rays. In this formalism the quantum energy flux at the future null infinity can be expressed in terms of the function ${u}_{+}({u}_{\ensuremath{-}})$ and its derivatives up to the third order. We developed a special formalism, which allows one to reduce the problem of the calculation of the quantum energy flux and other observables to a solution of a simple set of ordinary differential equations. We used this approach to study quantum effects in two cases: (i) with the trivial, $\ensuremath{\alpha}=1$, and (ii) the nontrivial, $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\ne}1$, redshift function. We demonstrated that in both cases there exists an outburst of the quantum energy radiation from the inner domain of the black hole, close to the inner part of its apparent horizon. For $\ensuremath{\alpha}=1$ this outburst is exponentially large. Its appearance is a direct consequence of the so-called mass inflation effect. We also demonstrated that this severe problem can be solved by a proper choice of the redshift function. However, even in this case the emitted energy can be much larger than the initial mass of the evaporating black hole. This means that for a construction of a self-consistent model of a nonsingular evaporating black hole the backreaction effects are highly important.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".