Cláusulas laborales en tratados comerciales internacionales: el caso del CETA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
espanolAlgunos acontecimientos recientes parecen mostrar una cierta oposicion de la ciudania de los paises occidentales hacia el libre comercio. De una parte, resulto bastante controvertida la numantina oposicion de la pequena region belga de Valonia a la firma del Tratado de libre comercio entre la UE y Canada (conocido como CETA), que a punto estuvo de hacerlo descarrilar. Por otra parte, la eleccion de Donald Trump como presidente de los Estados Unidos parece haber dado al traste con las escasas esperanzas de alcanzar un acuerdo similar con este pais, maxime si se tiene en cuenta que uno de los argumentos centrales de su campana electoral fue su posicion a este tipo de tratados por los, a su juicio, nefastos efectos sobre los trabajadores norteamericanos. A pesar de que existe un cierto consenso entre los economistas en relacion a los efectos beneficiosos del libre comercio, esto no significa que estos beneficios alcancen de forma automatica al conjunto de la sociedad y, en particular, a los trabajadores; ni que existan ganadores y perdedores en todo proceso de cooperacion economica. Por ello, junto la anunciada asuncion de que el comercio produce beneficio neto, deberia completarse con otra en virtud de la cual se garantice que tales beneficios alcancen al conjunto de la sociedad o, si se prefiere, se compensen las externalidades negativas en el plano social y laboral mediante la adopcion de instrumentos adecuados y eficaces. Entre estos destacan la incorporacion de clausulas laborales a los tratados de libre comercio, en cuya virtud se garantizan unos estandares minimos (frecuentemente los marcados por los convenios de la OIT) entre las partes firmantes. El objeto de este trabajo es analizar este tipo de clausulas, para lo cual se dividira en los siguientes apartados. Tras una breve introduccion, se analizara la creciente tendencia hacia la incorporacion de clausulas laborales en los tratados de comercio internacional para, a continuacion, analizar el caso practico y controvertido del CETA. Finalmente, sobre la base de lo anterior, se formularan algunas conclusiones EnglishSome recent events apparently show certain opposition to free trade by western citizenship. On the one hand, it became famous the case of the Balloon parliament, which strongly refused to give its permission to the Belgian federal government to ratified the so-called Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and EU without including some changes. On the other hand, the future of the Free Trade Treaty (TIPP) between US and EU is still more uncertain after the election of Donald Trump as US President. His clear opposition to this kind of agreements obtained the enthusiastic support, among others, of most blue-collard workers in states especially affected by the effects of globalization. Despite there is a consensus among economist about the beneficial effects of free trade, this neither means this benefits extend to the whole society automatically, nor winners and losers derive from this kind of economic cooperation tool. Consequently, along with this assumption, another unattainable must be made: it is necessary to compensate the externalities generated by trade agreements on social and working conditions by the adoption of some parallel instruments. The paper focused on one of these tools, the labour provisions included in trade agreements, which aims to guarantee certain minimum labour conditions (frequently set by ILO’s conventions). In order to address this issue, the article is divided as follows. After a brief introduction, it will analyse the increasing trend on the inclusion of labour provision in trade agreements. After that, the practical and controversial case of CETA will be studied. Finally, some conclusions will be given.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".