Evaluating the Performance of Digital Modular Protection for Grid-Connected Permanent-Magnet-Generator-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems With Battery Storage Systems
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper develops and tests a new method for managing the responses of multiple digital relays employed in interconnected permanent-magnet generator (PMG)-based wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) with battery storage. The developed method utilizes digital relays (modules), each of which provides protection for a specific location of the PMG-based WECS and battery storage. The outputs of the developed digital protection scheme are trip signals to operate circuit breakers in PMG-based WECS, battery storage, and point-of-common-coupling. The modular digital protection is implemented for experimental testing on a 5-kW PMG-based WECS that has a 2.3-kW battery storage. Test results show that the developed protection can offer fast, accurate, and reliable responses to faults occurring in different parts of the tested WECS and battery storage. In addition, test results show that the modular digital protection has minor sensitivity to the location of faults, charge/discharge cycles of the battery storage, and/or levels of power delivery to the host grid.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it