Effects of Temperature and Activation on Biochar Chemical Properties and Their Impact on Ammonium, Nitrate, and Phosphate Sorption
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There have been limited studies of how pyrolysis temperature and activation processes alter the chemical properties of biochar and how these changes influence ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), and phosphate (PO43−) sorption. This study compared the chemical properties of biochars and activated biochars (ActBC with steam and CO2 activation) produced by slow pyrolysis at 200 (BC200), 400 (BC400), 600 (BC600), 800 (ActBC200, ActBC400, ActBC600), and 850°C (sulfachar‐S enriched biochar with steam activation). Quantitative solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and elemental analysis were used to study temperature and activation on biochar chemical properties. The sorption capacity of biochars for NH4+, NO3−, and PO43− were measured by batch sorption experiments. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data showed that BC200 contained mainly aliphatic C compounds (86% of O‐alkyl) belonging to cellulose and hemicellulose, whereas BC400 and BC600 composition was dominated by fused aromatic C structures, containing 81 and 97% aromatic C, respectively. Increasing pyrolysis temperatures decreased biochar total C but increased its cation exchange capacity, pH, and contents of total N and P, calcium, potassium, and magnesium. The BC200 released NO3− and PO43−, whereas sulfachar and ActBC200 sorbed significantly higher amounts NO3− and PO43− than BC600 by 83 and 96%, respectively, across aqueous solutions. Sulfachar and BC400 sorbed significantly greater amounts NH4+ than did the other biochars. This study shows that production temperature significantly affects biochar chemical properties and that activation increases NO3− and PO43− sorption. These results suggest that activated biochar could be useful for sorbing soil N and P, thereby reducing leaching losses. Core Ideas Pyrolysis temperature and activation alters the chemical properties of biochar. Pyrolysis temperatures >400°C increase the formation of aromatic C structures. Activation increases the sorption capacity of biochar for nitrate and phosphate. Activated biochars may have use as adsorbents for reducing nutrient‐leaching in soils.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".