Luteolin induces apoptosis in vitro through suppressing the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways in gastric cancer
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Luteolin, an active component of traditional Chinese medicine, exhibits potential for anti-tumor proliferation; however, the molecular events occurring in such process and the signal transduction pathways involved are currently unknown. Our group previously reported that luteolin inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in the gastric cancer cell line BGC-823. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism by which the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways regulate the apoptosis in vitro of BGC-823 cells following treatment with luteolin. It was observed that luteolin induced apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway by increasing the levels of caspase-3, caspase-9 and cytochrome c, and the ratio of B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 associated X protein (Bax) to Bcl-2. Luteolin suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the MAPK signaling pathway, as well as suppressing the phosphorylation of AKT, PI3K and mechanistic target of rapamycin in the PI3K signaling pathway. In addition, luteolin combined with LY294002 markedly increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, while when combined with U0126, luteolin had less effects on the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio compared with luteolin treatment alone, suggesting that both the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways are involved in the apoptosis induced by luteolin. Furthermore, luteolin attenuated the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways by increasing the expression of specific dual-specificity phosphatases and decreasing the expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 at the messenger RNA level, respectively. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that luteolin is a potential chemotherapeutic agent against gastric cancer by exerting a dual inhibition on the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it