Analyses of Levofloxacin Adsorption on Pretreated Barley Straw with Respect to Temperature: Kinetics, π–π Electron-Donor–Acceptor Interaction and Site Energy Distribution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Levofloxacin, representative of an important class of fluoroquinolone antibiotics, has been considered to be one of the emerging pollutants in various water sources. In this paper, adsorption of levofloxacin from artificial contaminated water was done by pretreated barley straw adsorbent obtained from raw barley straw after modification by H 3 PO 4 impregnation and microwave heating. The adsorption kinetics was investigated at various temperatures and levofloxacin concentrations, and the activation energy was determined. In addition, site energy distribution of the pretreated barley straw for levofloxacin adsorption was estimated based on the equilibrium adsorption data. The average site energy and standard deviation of the distribution were determined and applied to analyze the interaction strength between the adsorbent and adsorbate, and adsorption site heterogeneity. The π–π electron-donor–acceptor interactions between the π* aromatic C═C of pretreated barley straw adsorbent and π* carbon atom in benzene ring attached to fluorine of levofloxacin was investigated by C K -edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy. The results and methodologies in this work could be transferrable to investigate extended systems of water treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".