Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a prevalent, highly disabling and chronic disorder, requiring maintenance pharmacological treatment after the resolution of acute episodes in the vast majority of patients. Considering the chronic and recurrent nature of mood swings in BD, along with the risk of mood destabilization induced by antidepressants, the first-line treatment of BD is represented by mood stabilizers, both in acute and long-term therapy. Such compounds have shown a variable degree of efficacy in both mania and depression, as well as in the prevention of recurrences and, ultimately, in the ability to improve the quality of life of patients [1]. This chapter aims to provide a brief and updated overview of the currently available pharmacological treatments in BD. The following and most recent international treatment guidelines for BD were considered: the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments [2], the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines [3–5] and the British Association for Psychopharmachology [6]. Given the specific pharmacological focus of the chapter, a brief characterization of the main mood stabilizers (i.e., atypical antipsychotics, lithium and anticonvulsants) is provided in Box 4.1 & Table 4.1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".