Bibliographic record
Abstract
Feudal structures were introduced in New France as early as the 19th century and dominated the process of territorial colonization in the Saint Lawrence Valley. This feudal institution survived the English conquest and officially ended only in December 1854 through a legislative act. This paper aims to demonstrate that the abolition of the feudal regime took place only gradually and only in part. Although the act whereby feudal rights and duties in Lower Canada were abolished is usually seen as theoretically ending the history of feudal relationships in Quebec, we analyze it here as the starting point of a slow process aiming at putting an end to feudal rents, a process that was completed only in 1970. In a first part, we show how the 1854 law came to buttress the legitimacy of feudal rights and provided landlords with guaranteed compensation that had a lasting effect on the Quebec peasantry, who went on paying rents according to modalities similar to those existing before abolition. In a second part, we bring to light the extent to which these rents were still in place on the eve of the Second World War, and we explain how when the Quebec administration intervened to put an end to the relation between lord and tenant, it did so with the same goal of fairly compensating landlords. We conclude with an analysis of the evolution of the group formed by the last landlords of Quebec from 1854 to 1940.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".