Quantification of Damage in Selected Rocks due to Impact with Tungsten Carbide Bits
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Impact induced dynamic cracks are produced with a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus in two rocks (Kuru granite and Flamboro limestone) with impact velocities ranging from 8 to 12 m/s. Impact bit (tungsten carbide) diameters range from 8mm to 15mm. Dye impregnation combined with UV imaging, CAT scans and Optical scans were employed to study the resulting crack patterns. The resulting damage is quantified in terms of radial crack density on impact surface, crater, crushed zone and crack density with depth. In both rocks ‘total’ damage obtained is directly proportional (exponential) with bit diameter and impact velocity. The ‘total’ damage in Kuru granite is found to be greater than Flamboro limestone at all impact velocities; however, the crushed zone in the latter is found to consistently greater than the former. 2D simulations of dynamic fractures with AUTODYN have also been carried out showing good qualitative agreement with experimental results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".