Safety evaluation of galacto-oligosaccharides
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) have been added to infant formulas and conventional foods as prebiotics all over the world. The present study was conducted to assess the subchronic toxicity of a GOS syrup (VITAGOS™) when administered orally by gavage daily at 0, 1020, 2041, and 4082 mg GOS syrup/kg/day to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats to deliver doses of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg GOS/kg/day for 90 days. Throughout the entire treatment period, no abnormal clinical signs or mortalities were observed. Similarly, no test article-related toxicologically adverse findings were seen in body weight, feed consumption, ophthalmological findings, hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, and gross pathology or histopathology. Significant increases in the cecum weight of males and females treated with 2000 mg GOS/kg/day were associated with mucosal hypertrophy/hyperplasia; no changes in the cecum were noted at lower doses. The organ weight and histopathological changes noted in the cecum are consistent with findings in rats administered other poorly digestible and fermentable substances; thus, this is considered to be an adaptive rather than toxic response. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Levels for VITAGOS™ is 4082 mg GOS syrup/kg body weight/day or 2000 mg GOS/kg body weight/day.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".