Crimes of Colour: Racialization and the Criminal Justice System in Canada
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wendy Chan and Kiran Mirchandani, eds.Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2001; 221 pp.Reviewed by Shoshana PollackFaculty of Social WorkWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterloo, Ontario Crimes of Colour: Racialization and the Criminal Justice System in Canada is a welcome addition to the literature on criminalization in Canada. As the editors, Wendy Chan and Kiran Mirchandani, articulate in Chapter 1, this volume of essays joins the tradition of critical scholars who focus upon the process of racialization and criminalization that occurs throughout the criminal justice system. Traditionally, literature on and crime has failed to problematize both these notions, seeing race as an individual trait and crime as an objective fact. In contrast, this volume attempts to explicate how processes of racialization and criminalization occur in various arms of the criminal justice system and through its discourse. The purpose of this volume is to illustrate how the process of criminalization is racialized in a way that reinforces and perpetuates the oppression of minority peoples.This book is divided into three sections: Part I: History; Part II: Racialization of the Legal System; and Part III: Processes of Racialization and Criminalization. Part I contains two essays that help to situate contemporary discussions of racialization and criminalization within a historical context. Andrea McCalla and Vic Satzewich, in their discussion of white settler capitalism, illustrate how colonial practices implicitly criminalized race by, in the case of North American Indians, making it a crime to engage in one's own spiritual, cultural, and linguistic practices. Colonization operated in part through the criminalization of North American Indian culture. Both this essay and the second one by Joan Sangster, who analyses the Ontario Female Refuges Act from 1930-1960, contextualize the discussions in this volume by illustrating how racialization and criminalization are mechanisms of social control which perpetuate the oppression of disenfranchised groups.Part II, Racialization and the Legal System, is the strongest of the three sections, with theoretically- and empirically-grounded discussions of racialization and criminalization processes. The article by Jasmin Jiwani explains how othering occurs through discourse and practice based upon white, male, middle-class assumptions and operates to criminalize aboriginal, black and immigrant communities in Canada. Similarly, Audrey Macklin's insightful article, critiquing culture and law as inhabiting separate spheres, elegantly illustrates the inherent cultural biases within legal discourse and processes. …
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it