Data fusion for fault diagnosis in smart grid power systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In smart grid power systems, fast and accurate fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) is vital for isolating faulty components and avoiding further complications. This paper introduces a new data fusion method based on ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator for power smart grids. For this purpose, the discrete time data from circuit breakers (CB) is combined with continuous time data of recorders to enhance the reliability of the fault diagnosis approach. Radial basis functions (RBF) artificial neural network and wavelet transform (WT) are individually employed to identify the location of the fault from the continuous voltage of the buses. Then, a combination of these two methods along with the information from CBs are utilized into a unique framework by OWA operator to diagnose the faults at an early stage. IEEE standard 14 bus system is used to illustrate and validate the proposed method. Several phase to ground faults are injected into the simulation model to validate the diagnostic capability of the FDD system. Simulation results show a better performance of the fusion FDD system in comparison with three other methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".