Philippe M. F. Peycam. <i>The Birth of Vietnamese Political Journalism: Saigon 1916-1930</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012, xiii+306p.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The early 1920s in Saigon saw a florescence of newspaper publishing in the lively tradition of Parisian canards of the 1890s.French and Vietnamese language papers sprang up, took forthright positions, debated their peers eagerly, and tested the tolerance of colonial rulers.The French language press was largely free of censorship in Cochinchina, but circulation per day amounted to only several thousand copies total.Vietnamese papers were censored and sometimes shut down, yet daily circulation rose to 22,000 by 1924.This was a time when educated Vietnamese believed that it was feasible to secure more political space from the authorities by means of rational argument and mobilization of public opinion.Philippe Peycam brings this story alive for today's readers, introducing us to a range of Vietnamese, French and métis actors, explaining press operations, and outlining the key issues of contention.A "newspaper village" (làng báo chí) emerged, composed of editors, donor/investors, writers, printers, vendors, and teenagers using the various offices as meeting place and library.A surprising number of French and Vietnamese participants belonged to the Masonic Order.I would have liked to know more about press finances, but recognize that sources are hard to find.A few wealthy landowners were willing to subsidize some papers until the government showed its displeasure at content.Editors pleaded with readers to pay their overdue subscriptions, while acknowledging that the post office sometimes chose to "lose" newspaper copies en route.March-July 1926 saw a dramatic shift to the left in Saigon.The new socialist governor general, Alexandre Varenne, proved a distinct disappointment.The leader of the moderate Constitutionalist Party, Bùi Quang Chiêu, refused to call for the release from jail of Nguyễn An Ninh, the most charismatic writer and speaker of the time.Crowds cheered when Ninh's comrades insisted that the colonial regime be confronted fearlessly.Following the unprecedented national funeral for Phan Châu Trinh and resulting expulsion of students from school, membership in clandestine patriotic groups proliferated.While these momentous months have been canvassed by earlier scholars, Peycam is the first to examine vigorously the emergence of what he styles "opposition journalism."
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.068 | 0.016 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".