Skills, Capital and Connections, Too: A Regional Social Environment Perspective of Women Entrepreneurs */Les Competences, le Capital et Les Connections Aussi; Une Perspective Regionale Socio-Environnementale Sur Les Femmes Entrepreneures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In recent years, the field of regional economic analysis has focused on the social and cultural environment of a place to explain variations in innovative activity, entrepreneurial dynamics, and economic growth. Richard Florida (2004) argues that regions grow because they are tolerant, diverse and open to creativity which in turn attract certain groups of people, the so-called creative class. Further, new firm formation is positively associated with a creative and diverse environment. Although previous research established the connection between a region's social environment and entrepreneurship, little attention has been paid to the ways in which an open and tolerant regional social environment supports or hinders different kinds of entrepreneurs like women or immigrants. Women-owned businesses grew 19.8% between 1997 and 2002, almost twice the national rate for all businesses which was 10.3% (Lowrey 2006). We hypothesize that a regional social environment that is open to women's career and financial advancements and supportive of women's entrepreneurial capacities facilitates female business ownership. This study explores the connections between the environment and women's business ownership by using data from the 2002 Survey of Business Owners (SBO) and tests the hypothesis for the 50 largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States. We find that entrepreneurial support is a significant factor in explaining a region's female entrepreneurship. Although the openness of a region to women's financial advancement plays a moderately important role in the establishment of women-owned firms overall, it is not a significant predictor of the level of women-owned businesses with employees. Also tolerance to women's advancement in non-traditional occupations such as high-technology does not have the expected effect. Regions desiring the growth potential of female entrepreneurship should focus on building entrepreneurial capacity. Resume Au cours des dernieres annees, le domaine de l'analyse de l'economie regionale s'est concentre sur l'environnement social et culturel d'un lieu afin d'expliquer les variations dans l'activite innovatrice, la dynamique entrepreneuriale et la croissance economique. Richard Florida (2004) suggere que certaines regions connaissent une croissance economique parce qu'elles sont tolerantes, diverses et ouvertes a la creativite, ce qui a son tour attire certains groupes de personnes, la soi-disant >. De plus, la formation de nouvelles entreprises est reliee de facon positive a un environnement creatif et diversifie. Bien que les travaux de Florida ont etabli un lien entre l'environnement social d'une region et l'entrepreneuriat, peu d'attention a 6t6 portee aux differents mecanismes par lesquels un environnement social ouvert et tolerant appui ou au contraire presente des obstacles a differents types d'entrepreneurs tels que les femmes ou les immigrants. Les entreprises dont les proprietaires sont des femmes ont connu un taux de croissance de 19,8% entre 1997 et 2002, presque deux fois le taux national pour toutes entreprises de 10,3% (Lowrey 2006). Notre hypothese est qu'un environnement social d'une region qui est ouvert aux avancements des femmes quant a leurs carrieres et a leur progres financier et qui appuie les capacites entrepreneuriales des femmes va encourager des femmes proprietaires des entreprises. Cette etude explore les liens entre l'environnement et les femmes proprietaires d'entreprise en utilisant les donnees de l'enquete sur les proprietaires d'entreprises en 2002, et presente un test de cette hypothese pour les 50 plus grandes regions metropolitaines statistiques aux E.-U. Nos resultats demontrent qu'un appui entrepreneurial est un facteur significatif dans l'explication de l'entrepreneuriat feminin d'une region. Bien que l'ouverture d'une region par rapport a l'avancement financier des femmes joue un role modeste dans l'etablissement des entreprises dont les proprietaires sont des femmes de facon generale, il ne represente pas une variable significative en termes de prevision du niveau des entreprises avec des femmes-proprietaires et qui ont des employes. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".