Subcutaneous Implantation of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and Poly(ε-caprolactone) Scaffolds Modified with Growth Factors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of the investigation was to assess the tissue response to subcutaneous implantation of nonwoven scaffolds fabricated from biodegradable polymers and further modified by growth factors.Materials and Methods.Specimens were produced by two-phase electrospinning from poly(ε-caprolactone) and a blend of poly(3hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and poly(ε-caprolactone) both unmodified (controls) and modified with growth factors VEGF, bFGF, and SDF-1α.The ratio of a polymer solution in chloroform and a water phase with a bioactive molecule was 20:1.To study the tissue response in vivo, nonwoven scaffolds were subcutaneously implanted in Wistar rats weighing 80-100 g for the periods of either 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, or 12 months.Results.Incorporating growth factors into the scaffolds during electrospinning provided biofunctionalization, including enhanced vasculogenesis and angiogenesis and increased viability of endothelial cells.Histological examination showed that biomolecules incorporated into the matrix have been functionally active throughout the whole time of the implantation.The tested specimens did not cause rejection and acute inflammatory reaction.A thin connective tissue capsule was formed around the implants.A full resorption of the scaffolds did not occur, and the polymers remained at the site of implantation for at least 12 months.Growth factors significantly improved performance of the implants during the first 3 months postimplantation: VEGF enhanced angiogenesis, bFGF stimulated a thick connective tissue capsule formation, while SDF-1α facilitated angiogenesis and cellular infiltration.From the 12 th month postimplantation, incomplete biodegradation of nonwoven scaffolds caused granulomatous inflammation. Conclusion.Nonwoven scaffolds fabricated of biodegradable polymers and further modified with VEGF, bFGF, and SDF-1α represent a promising option for the fabrication of cardiovascular implants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".