Public Policy Studies in North America and Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter places academic North American and European public policy programmes in a comparative context and provides an overview of the status of these programmes as pipelines for advancing policy analysis and policy research in light of domestic and global developments. In this comparative examination, four key themes have been identified for exploration across each region: the historical background of policy analysis and research in light of the nature and scope of US influence; the development of differences and similarities in policy analysis and research, and what might explain them; the roles and impacts of &s;experiential learning&s; tools such as co-ops and internships; and the roles and impacts of accreditation bodies. Western Europe and Canada, with more established traditions of their own, have been more particular in adopting elements of the US context. Western Europe has so far retained much of its policy analysis and research in a variety of academic homes that are not universally or explicitly policy focused.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".